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Due to some glitches you may find sometime the bookmarks stored in Firefox become corrupted or by any reason you lost your bookmarks within couple of days, you need not to worry as you can restore them from the set of backups that Firefox maintains. Here below are steps to restore your bookmarks backups;

*  Select File from the menu at the top of the Firefox window and then select the Exit menu item.
* Reboot your computer.
* When the computer restarts, select the Start Menu in the Windows Taskbar and select Run.
* In the Run dialog, enter the following:
%APPDATA%\Mozilla\Firefox\Profiles
* Click OK.
* A window displays all your Firefox profiles as a set of folders.
* Each Profile folder is named something like the following:
xxxxxxxx.<ProfileName>
where xxxxxxxx is an assortment of random letters or numerals
<ProfileName> corresponds to the name of the profile.
* For example, the folder containing the default profile is named xxxxxxxx.default.
* Select the folder for your current profile.
* In the profile folder, the file bookmarks.html stores your bookmarks and has become corrupted. Right-click this file, and select Rename….
* Rename the file to a unique name, such as the following:
bookmarks_backup.html
* Open the folder named bookmarkbackups.
* In the bookmarks backup folder, you should see up to five files with names like the following
bookmarks-xxxx-xx-xx.html
The xxxx-xx-xx corresponds to the date the backup was made.
* You must copy one of these backups to the profile folder. Right-click the most recently dated backup. Select Copy.
* Go back to the previous folder, which now contains the bookmarks_backup.html file.
* Right-click in the white space of the folder. Select Paste.
* Right click the file you just pasted (bookmarks-xxxx-xx-xx.html). Select Rename….
* Rename the file to bookmarks.html
* Restart Firefox. now you can locate your bookmarks from the bookmark Menu.

Here are the different types of backup which you can do yourself following simple instructions.

Systems Backups

Check if it is enabled on your server, you can download a backup that was created by the server with either a daily or weekly backup depending on your need.

Full Backup

Especially if you’ve planned to switch over another web hosting company, a full backup is necessary. It makes it very easy to have everything back as it was earlier. To generate a full back up just click the Generate and Download a Full Backup link in through your cPanel back-up utility Image: backup.gif. It will then take you to a page to fill to further procedure to complete back up process.

Backup Destination: You will need a destination once the server has finished making backup. However it would be better if you leave this as default or make it password protected directory so that no one else may have access to it.

Email Address: once the back-up is complete and downloadable you will need to get notification sent to your email address.

Remote Server (FTP/SCP only): This is used for if you want the back-up sent to a location that is not within your own web space.

Remote User (FTP/SCP only): Username for above remote server.

Remote Password (FTP/SCP only): Password for above remote server/username.

Port (FTP/SCP only): Port number required for remote server.

Remote Dir (FTP/SCP only): The directory in which you want the back-up saved ( on the remote server ).

Usually leaving the default selections is fine. Once you get the e-mail confirmation, download your back-up and delete it from your web space for security reason.

Home Directory Backup
it is almost like full back-up, but cannot be used to transfer sites across web hosts using cPanel.

To get your home directory backup, just on clicking the Download a home directory Backup link in your cPanel’s back-up utility Image:backup.gif will appear. Your browser will prompt you to download your back-up.

MySQL Database Backup
Depending on your need you may require only back-up your individual MySQL databases, you can get full your home back ups, your databases are also located inside of your Full and Home back-ups which let you do the backup.

In addition through cPanel you can find your each database listed there. You’ll require just to click on the database you wish to downloaded.

Wordpress Backup Process with phpMyAdmin
==========================================

1. Log into phpMyAdmin on your server

2.  select ‘Databases’ from the main login screen,

3. Then click the name of your database – or your WordPress database if you have several databases.

4. Now the screen will show you all the tables inside your WordPress database.

Now just click the ‘Export’ tab on the top set of tabs.

5. Look at the left box at the top of the Export section. All the tables in the database you selected are in that box.

* If you have other programs that use the database, then choose only those tables that correspond to your wordpress install. They will be the ones with that start with “wp_” or

* whatever ‘table_prefix’ you specified in your ‘wp-config.php’ file.
* If you only have your WordPress blog installed, in the left column, click ‘Select All’.

# Ensure that the SQL button is selected too.

* The SQL section
* Tick the following boxes: Structure, ‘Add DROP TABLE’, ‘Add AUTO_INCREMENT’ and ‘Enclose table and field names with backquotes’

# The DATA section

* Leave the boxes inside this section unticked, but make sure to keep the checkbox next to the “DATA” heading checked.

# Tick the ‘Save as file’ option, and leave the template name alone.

For now, select ‘None’ for compression.

# Now click ‘Go’ and you should be prompted for a file to download. Save the file to your computer.

Depending on the database size, this may take a few moments.

# Once the download is complete, check the ‘zipped’ option, click ‘Go’, and download the next file.

If you need, you could download a backup in each of the compression formats. Your choice.

# The backup is finished

If you use Linux based Operating system and your disk is crashed,  you can retrieve data from ddrescue commands in following easy steps.

Ddrescue: Ddrescue  is data recovery tool that copy data from one file or block device (hard disc, cdrom etc) and help out you to save data from crashed partition. It has decent ability to read the data and if it fails it will go on with the next possible sectors, where tools like dd will fail. If the copying process is interrupted by the user it is possible to continue at any position later. It can copy backwards too.

Install first the dd_rescue or ddrescue

If you are using RedHat/Fedora Core Linux, type the following command:

# yum -y install ddrescue

If you are using Debian Linux:# apt-get install ddrescue
Or directly download ddrescue from official GNU Web site. http://www.gnu.org/software/ddrescue/ddrescue.html

Make sure that Debian install ddrescue binary as /bin/dd_rescue and other distribution as /usr/bin/ddrescue

To make exact copy of /dev/sda (damaged) to /dev/sdb (make sure sdb is empty) you need to type following command:

# ddrescue /dev/hda /dev/hdb

Your further step is to run fsck on /dev/sdb partition to recover/save data. Remember do not touch originally damaged /dev/sda. If this procedure fails you can send your disk to professional data recovery service. For example if /home (user data) is on /dev/sda2, you need to run a command on /dev/sdb2:
# fsck /dev/sdb2
Once fsck run, mount /dev/sdb2 somewhere and see if you can access data:
# mount /dev/sdb2 /mnt/data
Now it is time to take backup using tar command.
ddrescue command supports many options. Just to remind you, Don’t forget to read man page:
# man ddrescue OR # man dd_rescue

Here are the different networks which are generally used for networking through linux machine;

* IPv4:  Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is widely used by most of the Internet servers and personal computers. This uses 32 bits to assign a network address as defined by the four octets of an IP address up to 255.255.255.255. Which is the representation of four 8 bit numbers thus totaling 32 bits.

* IPv6: Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) uses a 128 bit address and thus billions of potential addresses. The protocol regularly upgraded to include new quality of service features and security. Linux supports both IPv6 but IPv4.

* TCP/IP: (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) uses a client – server model for communications. The protocol defines the data packets transmitted, re-transmission. data integrity verification (error detection bytes), connection and acknowledgement protocol.

* TCP/IP time to live (TTL): This is a counting system to determine how long a packet is valid before it reaches its destination. Each time a TCP/IP packet passes through a router it will decrease its TTL count. After the count reaches zero the packet is dropped by the router. This ensures that delinquent routing and looping aimless packets will not flood the network.

* MAC Address: (media access control) is the network card address used for communication between other network devices on the subnet. This info is not routable. The ARP table maps TCP/IP address (global internet) to the local hardware on the local network. Use the command /sbin/ifconfig to view both the IP address and the MAC address. The MAC address distinctively recognizes each node of a network and is used by the Ethernet protocol.

* OSI 7 Layer Model: The ISO (International Standards Organization) has defined the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model for current networking protocols.

* Full Duplex:  Full Duplex allow sending and receiving of packets instantaneously. Most modern modems support full duplex.

* Half Duplex: Allows the sending and receiving of packets in one direction at a time only.